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    Introduction to Algorithms, Programming, and Compilers

    Please Navigate to 2025-09-21-1.1.ipynb

    Get ready to practice with Algorithims, Compilers and More!

    What is an Algorithm?

    An algorithm is a step-by-step process to complete a task or solve a problem. Think of it like a recipe: each instruction must be followed in order to get the desired result.

    Real-World Example: Making a Sandwich

    1. Get two slices of bread
    2. Spread peanut butter on one slice
    3. Spread jelly on the other slice
    4. Put the slices together
    5. Cut in half

    Notice how each step is clear and in a specific order. That’s an algorithm!

    Store Closing Algorithm Challenge

    Drag and drop the steps into the correct order

    How to Play:

    1. Drag steps from the left column to the position slots on the right
    2. Arrange them in the correct logical order for closing a store
    3. Click "Check Answer" to see if you got it right
    4. Use "Clear All" to start over or "Reset & Shuffle" for a new challenge

    Available Steps

    Your Order

    Why Algorithms Matter in Programming

    In programming, algorithms tell the computer exactly what to do. The more detailed and precise your algorithm, the better your program will work.

    Example: Login System Algorithm

    1. Get username from user
2. Get password from user
3. Check if username exists in database
4. If username doesn't exist → show error message
5. If username exists → compare password
6. If password matches → grant access
7. If password doesn't match → show error message

    # Here's a Python version of the login algorithm you can run!

# Simple user database
user_database = {
    "alice": "password123",
    "bob": "securepass",
    "charlie": "mypass456"
}

def login(username, password):
    """Algorithm for user login"""
    # Step 1-2: Already have username and password as parameters
    
    # Step 3: Check if username exists
    if username not in user_database:
        # Step 4: Handle user not found
        print("❌ Error: Username not found")
        return False
    
    # Step 5-7: Compare password
    if user_database[username] == password:
        print("✅ Login successful!")
        return True
    else:
        print("❌ Error: Incorrect password")
        return False

# Try it out!
print("Test 1: Correct login")
login("alice", "password123")

print("\nTest 2: Wrong password")
login("alice", "wrongpass")

print("\nTest 3: User doesn't exist")
login("david", "anypass")


    Test 1: Correct login
✅ Login successful!

Test 2: Wrong password
❌ Error: Incorrect password

Test 3: User doesn't exist
❌ Error: Username not found





False

    Designing Good Algorithms

    Key Principle: Each task needs clear, detailed instructions.

    ❌ Bad Algorithm Example:

    1. Prepare for school
2. Go to school

    ✅ Good Algorithm Example:

    1. Wake up at 7:00 AM
2. Brush teeth
3. Take a shower
4. Get dressed in school uniform
5. Eat breakfast
6. Pack backpack with homework and lunch
7. Leave house at 7:45 AM
8. Walk to bus stop
9. Take bus to school

    The second algorithm is better because it’s specific and detailed.

    # Algorithm: Store user information
age = 16
name = "Alice"
is_student = True

print(f"Name: {name}")
print(f"Age: {age}")
print(f"Is a student: {is_student}")

# Try changing the values and run again!
# age = 17
# name = "Bob"

    Name: Alice
Age: 16
Is a student: True

    2. Methods/Functions - Reusable Algorithms

    Functions let you write an algorithm once and use it many times!

    class Calculator:
    """A calculator class with reusable algorithms"""
    
    def add(self, a, b):
        """Algorithm: Add two numbers"""
        return a + b
    
    def max(self, a, b):
        """Algorithm: Find the larger number"""
        if a > b:
            return a
        else:
            return b
    
    def multiply(self, a, b):
        """Algorithm: Multiply two numbers"""
        result = 0
        for i in range(b):
            result = self.add(result, a)
        return result

# Create calculator and test it
calc = Calculator()

print("Addition: 5 + 3 =", calc.add(5, 3))
print("Maximum: max(10, 7) =", calc.max(10, 7))
print("Multiplication: 4 × 3 =", calc.multiply(4, 3))

# Try your own calculations!
# print(calc.add(100, 250))

    Addition: 5 + 3 = 8
Maximum: max(10, 7) = 10
Multiplication: 4 × 3 = 12

    What is a Compiler?

    A compiler translates code that humans can read into machine code that computers can execute.

    The Process:

    Your Code → Compiler → Bytecode → Virtual Machine → Running Program

    Note: Python is an interpreted language (runs line-by-line), while Java uses a compiler. But the concept is the same: translating human-readable code into something the computer can execute!

    Example:

    # You write this:
print("Hello, World!")

# Python interpreter executes it directly
# Output: Hello, World!

    # Let's see what's "under the hood" of Python code!
import dis

def greet(name):
    message = f"Hello, {name}!"
    return message

# This shows the bytecode Python generates
print("Python bytecode for greet() function:")
print("=" * 50)
dis.dis(greet)

print("\n" + "=" * 50)
print("When you call the function:")
result = greet("Alice")
print(result)

    Python bytecode for greet() function:
==================================================
  4           RESUME                   0

  5           LOAD_CONST               1 ('Hello, ')
              LOAD_FAST                0 (name)
              FORMAT_SIMPLE
              LOAD_CONST               2 ('!')
              BUILD_STRING             3
              STORE_FAST               1 (message)

  6           LOAD_FAST                1 (message)
              RETURN_VALUE

==================================================
When you call the function:
Hello, Alice!

    Homework Hacks

    Hack 1: Create Your Own Algorithm

    Write a detailed algorithm for one of these activities:

    • Getting ready for a basketball game
    • Making a pizza from scratch
    • Setting up a new phone

    Requirements:

    • At least 8 steps
    • Each step must be specific and clear
    • Steps must be in logical order

    ””” Activity chosen: Making a Pizza from Scratch

    Algorithm: Making a Pizza from Scratch

    1. Gather all ingredients (flour, yeast, water, salt, olive oil, tomato sauce, mozzarella cheese, and desired toppings)
    2. Mix warm water, yeast, and sugar in a bowl and let sit for 5 minutes until foamy
    3. Add flour, salt, and olive oil to the yeast mixture and knead for 8-10 minutes until smooth and elastic
    4. Place dough in an oiled bowl, cover with a towel, and let rise for 1-2 hours until doubled in size
    5. Preheat oven to 475°F (245°C) and prepare a baking sheet or pizza stone
    6. Punch down the dough and roll it out into a circular shape on a floured surface
    7. Transfer dough to the baking sheet, spread tomato sauce evenly, leaving a border for the crust
    8. Sprinkle mozzarella cheese over the sauce and add your chosen toppings
    9. Drizzle olive oil around the edges of the crust
    10. Bake in the preheated oven for 12-15 minutes until the crust is golden and cheese is bubbly
    11. Remove from oven, let cool for 2-3 minutes, then slice and serve “””

    Hack 2: Identify the Bug

    This algorithm has steps in the wrong order. Fix it:

    Algorithm: Send an Email
1. Click "Send"
2. Open email application
3. Type the message
4. Log into your account
5. Enter recipient's email address
6. Write subject line

    Example Response:

    Algorithm: Send an Email

    • Open email application
    • Log into your account
    • Enter recipient’s email address
    • Write subject line
    • Type the message
    • Click “Send”

    Hack 3: Code the Algorithm

    Convert this algorithm into working Python code:

    Algorithm: Grade Calculator
1. Get three test scores from user
2. Add them together
3. Divide by 3 to get average
4. If average >= 90, grade is A
5. If average >= 80, grade is B
6. If average >= 70, grade is C
7. If average >= 60, grade is D
8. Otherwise, grade is F
9. Display the grade

    Example Response

    def calculate_grade(score1, score2, score3):
    """
    Calculate letter grade from three test scores
    
    Args:
        score1, score2, score3: Test scores (integers)
    
    Returns:
        grade: Letter grade (string)
    """
    # Step 1: Add the three scores together
    total = score1 + score2 + score3
    
    # Step 2: Calculate the average
    average = total / 3
    
    # Step 3: Determine the letter grade using if-elif-else
    if average >= 90:
        grade = "A"
    elif average >= 80:
        grade = "B"
    elif average >= 70:
        grade = "C"
    elif average >= 60:
        grade = "D"
    else:
        grade = "F"
    
    # Step 4: Return the grade
    return grade

# Test your function!
print("Test 1:", calculate_grade(95, 92, 88))  # Should be 'A'
print("Test 2:", calculate_grade(85, 80, 82))  # Should be 'B'
print("Test 3:", calculate_grade(75, 70, 72))  # Should be 'C'
print("Test 4:", calculate_grade(65, 60, 62))  # Should be 'D'
print("Test 5:", calculate_grade(55, 50, 52))  # Should be 'F'

    Test 1: A
Test 2: B
Test 3: C
Test 4: D
Test 5: F

    Congratulations!

    You’ve completed the Introduction to Algorithms lesson. Make sure to:

    1. Complete all 3 homework hacks
    2. Test your code by running all cells
    3. Experiment with the interactive examples

    Important: Read Below

    Submit your accomplishment of this lesson by following instructions inside the notebook aswell as running the practices for the hacks. Make sure that you submit your screenshots into an issue and then submit that issue in the google form: Link to Google Form Homework is Due in 3 Days.